arch/x86/mm.c in Xen allows local PV guest OS users to gain host OS privileges via vectors related to map_grant_ref.
https://support.citrix.com/article/CTX225941
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201801-14
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1477657
http://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/advisory-227.html
http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1039174
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/100342